28Jun

How To Format Using The CBE Bibliography Citation Style Manual

CBE Style: In-text Citations (Name-Year System), (Citation-Sequence System)

Biologists, chemists and other scientists use the CBE style when writing scientific papers.

The CBE style Manual contains two-citation style:

  • Name-year system and
  • Citation -sequence system
1. How To Cite Sources Using Citation-Sequence System

This citation style lists the sources of citation using numerals arrangement according to their occurrences in the paper and highlights all in-text citations to that list.

  • Citing articles using citation-sequence system - When you cite an article from a source, it is basic that you include the name of the author(s), the title of the article together with the page number of the article. If the article does do not have a known author, include the details of the organization where you got it from. With this, you will enable the reader of your article to mark the details of your work.
  • Citing multiple sources under one text - Use numbers for your citations in superscript and place commas between them. If you are citing a source, which has been cited by someone else, include the term "cited in” in the superscript of your citation. If the text citation lacks a superscript, include a parenthesis.
  • Citing for a source with multiple authors - When you are citing from a source that contains multiple authors, include their names chronologically beginning with the first one, listed with numbers as superscript or you could use commas when listing their names.
  • Citing for conference proceedings - When you are using sources to cite for conference proceedings, you ought to give out the name of the editors, title of the publication (conference), name of the conference together with the dates and venue of the conference. These details will assist the reader in understanding the citation.
  • Name-year citation system - This citation system emphasizes on including the authors last name in your citations put together with date of publication and the page numbers from where the source was cited from or if it was a quotation.
  • Citing your work - When you are citing the whole work of a source, you should include the last name of the author and the year the source was published. In this part it not that essential for you to include the page numbers; your citation format tends to vary depending on whether the name of the author is mentioned in the sentence you are citing from.
2. How To Cite Sources Using The Name-Year System

Rule Number 1:

Citations precede the final punctuation of the sentence that contains the reference. The basic elements of the in-text citation are the author’s last name and the year of publication of the work. A space separates the name and the year.

Example: The discussion of this phenomenon still influences scientists today (Einstein 1931).

Rule Number 2:

If the last name of the author or authors appears in the sentence, only the year of publication needs to be included in parentheses.

Example: Einstein provides a lengthy description of this phenomenon (1931).

Rule Number 3:

If a work has two authors, provide the names of both authors separated by the word "and.”

Example: Evidence of this phenomenon is demonstrated in agrarian regions in India (Singh and Sharma 2004).

Rule Number 4:

If a work has three or more authors, provide the names of the first author followed by "et al.”

Example: logic systems displaying this behavior show how to allow adductive reasoning (Reyes-Cabello et al. 2005).

Rule Number 5:

If your paper cites two works from the same year with authors who have the same last name, distinguish between the authors by providing the authors’ initials in the citation. No commas or periods are used and that the initials are not separated by a space.

Example: (Wiles NM 2007) (Wiles RV 2007)

Rule Number 6:

If your paper cites two or more works from the same author in the same year, distinguish the works by appending a lowercase letter to the year in your citation. The paper published earliest in the year should be labeled "a,” the next "b,” etc. The publication dates for the citations in the works-cited page should be modified in the same way.

Example: (Andrews 1960a) (Andrews 1960b)

Rule Number 7:

If a work has a corporation or government body as an author, use the initials of the organizations name to create a shortened form of the name. If the organization’s name has a familiar abbreviated form, you can use it as a shortened version. In your works-cited page, precede the matching citation with the initials used to refer to that organization, enclosed in square brackets.

Example: In-text citation: (IOM 1975)

End reference: (IOM) Institute of Medicine (US). 1975. Legalized abortion and the public health; report of a study by a committee of the Institute of Medicine. Washington (DC): National Academy of Sciences.

Rule Number 8:

If a work does not have an identifiable author, use the work in an in-text citation by using the first word or first few words of the title, followed by an ellipsis, in place of the author’s name. Use as many words as are necessary to distinguish the cited work from other works you refer to.

Example: (Library….2007)

Rule Number 9:

Use a copyright date for a work that does not have an identifiable publication date. Copyright dates are immediately preceded by the letter "c” to indicate their nature. If the publication and copyright date is not available use the date of last revision, modification, or update, enclosed in square brackets and proceeded by the expression "mod,” "rev,” or "updated,” as appropriate and a space. If no date is available, use "[date unknown]” in place of the date. In each of these cases, the same notation should be used when expressing the date of the cited work on the works-cited page.

Examples:

(Allen c2000)

(Morris [mod 1999])

(Lederer [date unknown])

Rule Number 10:

In the Name-Year system, it is permissible to refer to multiple works in the same citation. For multiple works by different authors, order the references chronologically and separate them using semicolons, within a single set of parentheses. For multiple citations from the same author, include the name only once and list the years of publication chronologically, separated by commas.

Examples:

Multiple works by different authors:

(Mulder 1997; Sully 1999; Skinner 2000)

Multiple works by the same author:

(Krycek 1996, 1999)